MIS – School of Business
SUNY College at Old Westbury
Old Westbury, New York 11568 USA

Abstract

Websites are an important means of communication for colleges and universities. College WebPages are replacing traditional ways of disseminating information such as catalogs and telephone calls. This study investigates the websites of all Long Island and Universities colleges(21) as well as several Ivy League(5)and other institutions(5). This research used a technique for web site analysis known as 7x2 C's criteria with 7L (layers), which will be applied to each college website. The 7 pairs of C's are: (content, context), (correctness, credibility), (currency, continuity), (completeness, coverage), (consistency, conciseness), (community, customization), and (compelling, creativity). The 7 layers of website application and web development will look at school, school website appearance (clarity, animation, features), web search engine (efficiency), html (tags, errors, unnecessary code), client side script programming (JavaScript: features, coding), server and database programming (appropriateness, speed), privacy, security (validation), and ethics (integrity). The examples provided in this presentation will demonstrate some of the layers with 7x2C's. We will focus on appearance layer and search engine layer among others. The result of this study indicate many colleges and university website that are prone to errors some being serious that need to be corrected and there should be some responsibilities assigned for this task.

College and university web pages are an important forum for reaching out to prospective students and the

school community; these web pages also provide valuable information to the public [1,5]. This economical

and convenient means of disseminating information, which is replacing traditional methods of

communication by college catalogs, mail, and phone, has tremendous implications. As websites

increasingly become a primary source of information, extra care should be considered to avoid any crucial

errors [4]. However, how accessible, accurate, helpful, and up to date are college websites?

This study investigates 21 Long Island universities and colleges and five institutions from other

locations, four of which are Ivy League. The web sites of these schools are analyzed based on criteria

known as 7X2 C’s analysis in 7 separate layers of web application and development. The 7 pairs of C's are:

(content, context), (correctness, credibility), (currency, continuity), (completeness, coverage), (consistency,

conciseness), (community, customization), and (compelling, creativity). The 7 layers of website

application and web development will look at school identity (who, what, where, when, why), school

website appearance (clarity, animation, features), web search engine (efficiency), html (tags, errors), client

side script programming (JavaScript: features, coding), server and database programming (appropriateness,

speed), privacy, security (validation), and ethics (integrity). The examples provided in this paper mostly

focus on the search engine layer in conjunction with 7X2 C’s analysis; since a correctly and efficiently

operating search engine is crucial to providing accurate and meaningful information. While this study is not

exhaustive, its findings are suggestive that schools must fully take into consideration the implications and

responsibilities of commitment to website usage as the primary means of information transfer.

The subject of errors on the web pages of Long Island colleges and universities was the class project for

students of Management Information Systems in a course titled Topics in MIS during the Fall 2006

semester at SUNY, Old Westbury in Long Island, New York.

Long Island is the home of many unique colleges and universities and is known for its advancement in

education. It produces some of the most qualified graduates in the nation [6]. Each student was assigned

Computer Human Error Papers

two colleges, one which was worked on as a team. Students discussed their findings during the classes

with live and interactive demonstrations. Their work was presented at the Second Annual Computer Human

Error Conference (CHE 2006) at the CUNY Graduate Center. In order to expand the geographical scope of

this study, an additional five institutions are included, four of which are Ivy League schools. By studying

the profiles of web pages, one can improve the design of existing web pages and the results of the analysis

can be used to make suggestions for a highquality

site [3].

The search engine layer is one of the seven layers of web analysis and plays a vital role in accessing

information through the web. Instead of manually browsing each page, going from link to link, one can

simply type the required information in the search box and receive the appropriate results. The 21 Long

Island colleges and universities included in this study are divided into the following categories according to

their search engines:

(a) Three schools did not have a search engine box at all and to find a particular item on these web pages,

a user must navigate through links, menu bars, or indices

(b) Eight schools did not have a search engine box on their home pages (main page) in order to enter a

search key directly

(c) Three schools had a search engine that was powered by Google and did not have an inhouse

search

engine

(d) Ten schools had only inhouse

search engines as part of their web design

(e) One school had both an inhouse

search engine and Google

(f) Two schools had both an inhouse

and a commercial search engine besides Google (Ultraseek and

FreeFind)

The five nonLI

schools included in this study all had a mixture of both Google and inhouse

search

engines on their site.

The aim of this study is to identify and report website errors in order to improve the quality of college web

pages. Extra care has been taken to mask the identity of any specific college or university. However, by

examining the error messages included in this study, a college web master and/or an interested person will

be able to identify the school in question. From the original snapshots, the images, white spaces, and extra

lines have been removed and replaced with punctuation marks to indicate formatting. Punctuation such as

a semicolon (;) is used as a line separator and dots have been used to show continuity. The following are

the semisnapshot

errors on the web pages analyzed based on the 7X2 C’s in different layers.

A web page should have content, referring to the volume of information that is helpful and informative,

within a context that gives the content meaning and appropriateness. An example error in this category

would be a web page that is fully empty or the context is not relevant to the user accessing it.

Searching for “Smith” in one college’s site resulted in the following links. No information was provided

about this search key and the information provided was outdated.

When searching for a known professor "Kei..." the following message was displayed:

When a blank space is entered into the search box every possible file was returned.

“100% ...WORKSHOP; 100% ...FUNDED GRANTS ...PROGRAMS; ............;.;.;.;.;.;.;”

Computer Human Error Papers

Searching for special characters such as “?”, gave random results for other sections of the university’s

website. However, this may nonetheless be one of the best inhouse

search engines that were analyzed.

A problem was found in the HTML layer of content and context. The HTML code of one school listed

several irrelevant terms in their META TAG Keywords, i.e. Desktop Publishing, Southern Folk Art and

sculpture, while relevant terms such as “Public College” or “business”, which should have been amongst

the first terms in the list were missing.

One college’s website on Long Island had very little content on its index page. The content that was on the

main page had very little to do with the campus itself and gave prominence to the “Network Use Policy”.

A web page should provide correct information and build trust among its users. The user should rely on the

information provided by the site and should believe the information to be correct and persuasive [2].

Using a university's website a search for “Smith” in the people directory was conducted. The results

included records that had Smith as part of their last name and one result that did not have Smith in the name

at all “

O...., J… . Carol”. The intended person to be found was the tenth option in the list.

When clicking on the Health or Career Services tags on the navigation bar on one college’s webpage, the

site ceased to respond. This problem belongs to the server and database layer.

A web page must be current, uptodate,

and provide a vision that will progress with time. A webpage that

was last updated several years ago would be an example of error in this category.

In one of the colleges analyzed we found that there was a lack of currency. The “News” and Events”

section could only be accessed from one of the satellite campus’ website. On the main page, under the New

and Events section the message “Classes begin soon”is permanently displayed and this is the only event in

the calendar. It was also found that the copyright display of this college was outdated as follows:

“© 20012006

..... College.; All rights reserved.”

A website was analyzed and under prospective students, an update had not been performed in quite some

time. The website itself had the following line:

“....Last update: April 17, 2005;”

A web page should be complete and cover all areas necessary to access. An incomplete search or a broken

link to a webpage would be an error that fits in this category.

A search for “Smith” using a university’s directory search resulted in the following

The keyword “Smith” was typed in a university’s search engine box and resulted in the following display:

Another university’s search engine rejected the search criteria “Smith” as being too broad and gave the

following message:

Computer Human Error Papers

For a university, the search succeeded when the criteria were given in the format First name Last Name

(J… .. Smith). However, when we searched in the format Last name, First name, the following message was

generated even though a person with the name “J… … Smith” exists.

“501:No matches to your query,”

This error belongs to the server and database layer.

A University's general website search engine was not complete. A search was conducted for a member of

the staff in the career services center “Lisa K........”. The results included staff from the law school with a

different last name, but did not give us any information about “Lisa K........”.

Searching for the full name of the College or acronym in the site’s search engine resulted in no matches

found.

On a college’s website the faculty web portal lacked a script to check for input accuracy. We typed in the

domain incorrectly on the login box, but the authentication process did not give a message regarding the

incorrect input. This error belongs to the script layer.

On the top center of the main page of one college’s website there is a marquee box that is similar to a

search box. When the text box is clicked, the marquee stops scrolling and disappears. Any text can be

typed in the marquee but it would not start scrolling again without refreshing the page.

On a college web directory, only search by last name is permitted. Any addition to the last name results in

the following message:

“No match found Click

A web page should be consistent in the structure, style, and words used, and to the point in delivering its

message. An example of a problem in this category would be a search engine that returns results for some

entries but does not work for others; however, with some manipulation the search will work.

In one of the college sites studied, the faculty directory results were listed in the format

However, for institution executives a small window pops up with the following information

“NAME; TITLE; EMAIL.”

The navigation tag bar across the top of the College’s website had extra space to the right side of the page.

There is an empty tag bar with no information in it.

A web site should be designed and tailored to its clients needs.

Community Colleges should consider the mindset of prospective students in their website design,

especially when the audience is mainly recent high school graduates. On the left center of the main page of

the college’s website under the “Quick Links” section there is a link for

“Contact for Claim Infringement.”

Computer Human Error Papers

Clicking on the link gives a full page PDF starting with the following:

The university web page had many different links to the main page entitled “Home.” In the main page itself

there are three links to the main page.

A website should be impressive and appealing to users as well as reflect the image and cause of its

institution. The following are some of the examples of the compelling and creativity errors due to the

search box itself or result of search activation: a) There is no search box or content at all, b) The search

box or its information are hidden or misplaced, c) The search box color or its content are the same as the

web background color, d) Unrelated information is attached to the search box or to its search result.

The keyword “Smith” was typed in a College search engine box and resulted in the following display. A

page of warnings were generated and at the end there were a listing of links. On activation of the first link

the keyword “Smith” was found after scrolling to the third page.

“1smith;

http://www.....edu/Alumni/ey10.php Occurrences: 2; ..... – Web.EY – 10 Years Consecutive Report;”

In one college, the HTML background color and the color of the search box were not color safe. The

college designed these two elements as the same color which made the search box difficult to distinguish.

The study of all college and university websites on Long Island and a sampling of some nonLong

Island

institutions indicate that there has been a lack of quality assurance testing to certify the accuracy of

information and quality of presentation. The finding of this study has been based on the examination of 7

layers and 7X2 C’s web analysis criteria, especially in the area of the search engine layer. These web

layers range from school identity, appearance, search engine, HTML, and script programming to server,

database manipulation, security, privacy and ethics. The 7X2 C’s web analysis criteria range from content,

correctness, and completeness to currency, consistency, and compelling. A college web site should consider

a quality test plan in these 49 areas.

The study recommends that, given the importance ascribed to search engines, a college search engine

should prioritize its search on the official web page of the institution. An official college web page consists

of a limited list of important entries and personnel on which the search engine can concentrate and

accurately extract. The search engine should look for the entire entry on the official institution site only.

When there is no match found in the official web page, the search engine should use some intelligence and

do a partial search to locate the desired entry. Use of commercial search engines on college web pages

provides an overwhelming amount of information, much of which is irrelevant. Future studies are needed

to analyze more websites and involve more colleges and universities nationwide or worldwide. A profile

for each of these schools should be created based on each of the seven layers and criteria.

Although the purpose of this study was not to compare Long Island institutions to other institutions, a

finding reveals that all nonLong

Island colleges and universities including Ivy League schools in this study

use Google in combination with the inhouse

search. A question arises as to whether or not choosing a

specific search provider such as Google will affect the neutrality of the net as well as academia?

Special thanks to students of SUNY Old Westbury, who took the Topics in MIS course in the Fall semester

2006, for participating in this project in and outside of class. Our gratitude is extended to Dr. John

Impagliazzo, Chief Editor of SIGCSE who encouraged the publication of this work after seeing the

students’ presentations at CHE 2006.

Computer Human Error Papers

[1] Cavanaugh, C. & Cavanaugh, T. (2002) College Website Review and Revision. In C. Crawford et al. (Eds.),

Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2002 (pp.

3334).

Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

[2] Fogg, B. J., Marshall, J., Laraki, O., Osipovich, A., Varma, C., Fang, N., Paul, J., Rangnekar, A., Shon, J., Swani,

P., and Treinen, M. (2001) What makes Web sites credible?: a report on a large quantitative study. In Proceedings

of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seattle, Washington, United States). CHI

'01. ACM Press, New York, NY, 6168.

[3] Ivory, M. Y. and Megraw, R. (2005) Evolution of web site design patterns. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 23, 4 (Oct.

2005), 463497.

[4] Miller, E. (2002) The Web site quality challenge. The Software Practitioner (Mar. 2002).

[5] Whitelaw, K. (2003) Why make websites accessible?: and how?. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM

SIGUCCS Conference on User Services (San Antonio, TX, USA, September 21 24,

2003). SIGUCCS '03. ACM

Press, New York, NY, 259261.

[6] Long Island Colleges. http://www.longislandcolleges.com, 2006

Adelphi University, http://www.adelphi.edu, 2006

Briarcliffe College, http://www.bcl.edu, 2006

C.W. Post, http://www.cwpost.liu.edu, http://www.liu.edu, 2006

Dowling College, http://www.dowling.edu, 2006

Farmingdale State University, http://www.farmingdale.edu, 2006

Five Towns College, http://www.fivetowns.edu, 2006

Hofstra University, http://www.hofstra.edu, 2006

Molloy College, http://www.molloy.edu, 2006

Nassau Community College, http://www.ncc.edu, 2006

New York College of Health Professions, http://www.nycollege.edu, 2006

NYIT New

York Institute of Technology, http://www.nyit.edu, 2006

Polytechnic University, http://www.poly.edu, 2006

St. John’s University, www.stjohns.edu, 2006

St. Joseph's College, http://www.sjcny.edu, 2006

Stony Brook University, http://www.sunysb.edu, 2006

Suffolk County Community College, http://www.sunysuffolk.edu, 2006

SUNY Empire State College, http://www.esc.edu, 2006

SUNY Old Westbury, http://www.oldwestbury.edu, 2006

Touro Law School, http://www.tourolaw.edu, 2006

US Merchant Marine Academy, http://www.usmma.edu, 2006

Webb Institute, http://www.webbinstitute.

edu, 2006

Brooklyn College, http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu, 2006

Princeton University, http://www.princeton.edu, 2006

Yale, http://www.yale.edu, 2006

Cornell, http://www.cornell.edu. 2006

Stanford, http://www.stanford.edu, 2006

Among the authors, S. Sayeed, S. Parham, H. Akibu, A. Saeed, and W. Parris are students.

Computer Human Error Papers